Sunday, December 29, 2019

Marxist Criticism Of The Great Gatsby - 1588 Words

Haga American Literature 14 April 2015 Marxist Criticism of The Great Gatsby Society has evolved to the point where money is the biggest factor in our lives. People spend an incredible amount of time at their workplace for that miniscule pay raise. Money also plays a role in our relationships with the people around us, seen in the fact that people of similar economic status tend to congregate. This desire to gain more money causes conflict, mainly between people who have a great deal of money, and the people who struggle financially. There are many examples of conflict between the different economic classes. Class conflict in Russia led to the Russian Revolution, and class conflict in France led to the French Revolution. Economic status is also the cause behind many ordinary crimes. This conflict, both between and within classes, is exemplified in The Great Gatsby, which shows that conflict occurs because of the differences among the classes and the strive to rise to a new class, known as the American dream. In order to effectively reduce conflict in any form , something must be done to eliminate the distinction between the different economic classes. To many people, The Great Gatsby is a perfect example of the American Dream because of its positive portrayal of it. James Gatz was the product of unsuccessful farm people (Fitzgerald 98). From the text, one can also find out that in the year before James Gatz became Jay Gatsby, Jay had been beating his way along the southShow MoreRelated Criticism of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesCriticism of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald      Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald creates an artificial world where money is the object of everyones desire.   The characters, the setting, and the plot are very deeply submerged in a Capitalism that ends up destroying many of them.   Fitzgeralds criticism of Capitalism can be seen as a move to subtly promote Socialism, an ideology in which value is placed on the inherent value of an object rather than its market value.   InRead MoreA Marxist Critical Approach to Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby Essay example1597 Words   |  7 Pagesconsciousness of men that determines their existence but their social existence that determines their consciousness†. By stating this, Marx sheds light into the workings of ‘The Great Gatsby’ thus showing that the social circumstances in which the characters find themselves define them, and that these circumstances consist of core Marxist principles a Capitalistic society. These principles being ‘commo dity fetishism’ and ‘reification’ are useful aids in interpreting and understanding the core themes thatRead MoreExploring The Destruction Of True Love2134 Words   |  9 Pageslove in a capitalist society: A Marxist Approach to â€Å"The Great Gatsby† Love can be defined as honesty, trust and respect; it occurs when two people touch each other s soul. Every series, every story and every movie speaks about how two people fall in love and live happily ever after. All stories come to that same conclusion but what happens when two people don’t belong to the same social class. The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a story about Jay Gatsby, a man who is part of the workingRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1971 Words   |  8 Pagesthe â€Å"American Dream† was Scott Fitzgerald. In F.Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald initializes both the characters and the locations of New York to symbolize the class system; from these locations and character s Fitzgeralds makes the argument that is all but impossible for anyone in the lower class of America to rise up to achieve the American Dream. Fitzgerald utilizes the locations of New York in The Great Gatsby to exemplify that the â€Å"American Dream† is unachievable to those whoRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Enduring Love Comparative Essay ‘Obsessive Love Has the Capacity to Drive a Person to Insanity, Leading to Irrational Behaviour, Alienation and Despair’ Compare and Contrast the Ways Mcewan and3060 Words   |  13 PagesThe Great Gatsby amp; Enduring Love ‘Obsessive love has the capacity to drive a person to insanity, leading to irrational behaviour, alienation and despair’ Compare and contrast the ways McEwan and Fitzgerald present the complexities of human love in light of this comment. F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ian McEwanpresent obsessive Idealised love as deranged and harmful.Fitzgerald’s ‘The Great Gatsby’, published in 1925,epitomises the euphoric atmosphere which permeated consumerist attitudes afterRead MoreFeminist/Marxist Analysis of the Hunger Games Essay examples4753 Words   |  20 Pagesonce gave her bread when her family was starving† (Wikipedia 1). There are strong literary themes throughout this work that readily lend themselves to various forms of critique. This paper will focus on two main genres of literary criticism. The first is Marxist criticism, for which there is plenty of material that reveals the novel’s explicitly anti-imperialist agenda. There is a strong oppression of the poor by the rich, and socioeconomic subjugation is responsible for the huge disparity between

Friday, December 20, 2019

Post War Mississippi And The Influence On Faulkner s A...

Post-War Mississippi and The Influence On Faulkner Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily was set, like most of his stories, in Mississippi. Faulkner lived from the late 19th century till the mid- 20th century and certainly saw the Reconstruction period after the civil war. Could this story’s setting be changed to modern-day Savannah or another small town in America and still have the same life that A Rose for Emily gives to the readers? This story must take place at this time because of the changing from a broken Nation to a new unified United States. Miss Emily’s obsession with traditions of standards of living cause issues with the present law and society. In the introduction paragraphs of this story we see that Miss Emily is the sole remaining†¦show more content†¦Everyone in her town knew her as the sadly single woman who would never leave her house. They often went on to say â€Å"Poor Emily† whenever anything happened to her (Faulkner 82). What I believe to happen is that she never learned to cope with the death of her father then when she found someone to replace her father with she never wanted him to leave. To find out some ways that the normal human copes with the loss of a close family member I looked at the American Psychological Association. According to the APA the normal human copes by â€Å"talking the death of a family member out with family† and â€Å"reaching out to help others† (American Psychological Association). I believe that she dealt with the death of her father by reaching out to fill the void with another being. The obsession that is spoken about in this story is mainly the obsession of love and the past. Emily has caring family that passes and then has a man who â€Å"deserted† her (Faulkner 83). She always wanted to feel loved but would always lose that love. The house she was in represented the love that her father showed. When Homer Barron tries to leave Miss Emily it is implied that she buys the Arsenic from the druggist to kill him. When the druggist asks her what it is for and she simply â€Å"looked back at him, erect† with â€Å"her face like a strained flag†; it is clear that she was not using it

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Diversity in Organization-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Identify this diversity and inclusion strategy and then using the template provided develop a practical interpretation of how this strategy will apply to theorganisations like ABC Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction For the contemporary business organizations, maintaining the diversity in the organizations is one of the key issues being faced. This is due to the reason that, the majority of the contemporary business organizations are having diversified workforce belonging from different cultural and social backgrounds (Barak 2016). Thus, it is important to determine the requirement of the employees from different communities effectively along with providing effective and ideal working environment to enhance the productivity and effectiveness of the employees. Thus, contemporary business organizations should have to initiate various approaches in order to prevent the issues related to diversity. ABC Pty ltd is one of the prominent business organizations in Australia operating in the logistics industry. They are also having diverse and sound number of human resources of more than 3000 employees. However, in the recent time, they are facing issues related to diversity in the workforce. The key issues that they are facing are the conflict in the teamwork and lack of effective communication channel to overcome it (Leo et al. 2015). Due to this reason, they are gradually losing their competitiveness in the market. This is due to the fact that, conflict and ineffective communication in the organization is reducing the effectiveness and productivity of the employees. In addition, lack of effective communication channel is refraining them in determining the requirement of the employees. This report will discuss about the various strategies in order to overcome the identified issue. In addition, few effective strategies will be recommended to overcome the identified issues. An ideal implementing policy will also be discussed in relation to the selected strategies. The potential strategic outcome will be discussed in order to gauge the effectiveness of the chosen strategy. Instances of diversity issues Other than the ABC Pty ltd, there are various other business organizations, which are facing the issues related to diversity in workforce. According to Bennett, Pitt and Price (2012), one of the business organizations facing the diversity issues is the Berkshire Hathaway. This organization is being owned by Warren Buffet. However, they are being ranked as the worst organization in terms of the workplace diversity according to SP. according to the authors; they are mainly facing the issues related to the unfair and unequal treatment to the employees belonging from the minority communities. Thus, in the case of the appointment or promotion in the senior level management, minority communities are not being given preferences. Moreover, they are also facing the issues related to gender diversity due to the fact that, female representation is less in their organization (Joecks, Pull and Vetter 2013). However, in the recent times they are taking steps in increasing the female representation in their organization. From the above stated issues, there are various adverse implications being faced by Berkshire Hathaway. As stated by the authors, one of the key implications being faced by them is the lack of motivation of the employees belonging from the minority communities. This is due to the reason that, according to the authors, employees from the minority communities are having lower morale, which further affecting their productivity in the workplace. Available approaches to overcome diversity issues There mainly two types of approaches being available for ABC Pty ltd in order to overcome their employee issues. These approaches include employee approaches and management approaches. Employees are also being expected that they will contribute in marinating the diversity in the organizations. Thus, there are various responsibilities for the employees also to be accomplished. Employee oriented approaches The higher management in ABC Pty ltd is having the responsibility of sharing and communicating the vision related to diversity to the employees. However, it is the employees who implement the vision in the real situation. Thus, it is the responsibility of the employees to have the clear idea about the diversity policy of the organization and implementing it in the workplace. ABC Pty ltd initiates employee feedback mechanism in order to gain feedback in the forms of suggestion and opinions. Thus, it is the responsibility of the employees to provide accurate and honest feedback to the organization (Sahoo and Mishra 2012). The more accurate feedback they will provide, the more involved they will be in the organization and it will help the organization to modify their existing policy accordingly. It will also help the organization to identify any issues if the employees honestly communicate their grievances. It is one of the key responsibilities of the employees to effectively indulge in discussion with their colleagues belonging from different cultures and society. It will help them to get more close to other cultures and thus the mutual understanding between the employees will get enhanced (DArcy, Herath and Shoss 2014). This is due to the fact that, it is the responsibility of the employees to initiate the relationship among themselves, rather than the higher management who will only initiate the strategies. Management oriented approaches Initiation of the effective and extensive inclusion strategy covering all the internal stakeholders will help the organization to have a singular approach in diversity policies. The policy should be clear and effective, which will have positive implications on the internal stakeholders. Initiation of the training for the employees should taken by the management of ABC Pty ltd. It will help the employees to be trained about the diversity policy of the organization along with having the awareness about the potential benefits of the diversified workforce (Elnaga and Imran 2013). Recruitment selection policy is another dimension in inclusion policy. This is due to the reason that, the potential candidates should be selected in accordance to the organizational culture (Hogan and Coote 2014). Prior to the selection of the employees, it is to be seen that whether the employees can be compatible with the existing diversity policy of the organization. Thus, the more compatible employees will be with the existing organizational culture, the more will be the effectiveness of the diversity policy in the organization. Effective communication policy is one of the key approaches for higher management to reduce the issues regarding the diversity in the organization. Moreover, the communication channel should be a two way process (Guffey and Loewy 2012). This is due to the reason that, two ways process of the communication channel will help both the upper level management and the employees to effectively communicate with one another. Thus, the more effective will be the channel of communication, the more efficiently the upper level management can determine the requirement of the employees and vice versa. Recommended strategy All the above discussed strategies are effective based on the different situations that will be faced by ABC Pty ltd. However, there is a need of having effective strategy of diversity in the organization in order to maintain the diversity and inclusion of the employees. Thus, from the above discussed approaches, the first recommended step should be the effective process of recruitment (Brewster and Hegewisch 2017). This is due to the reason that, all the human resource related activities will start from the recruitment and selection. Thus, it is the responsibility of the human resource department of ABC Pty ltd to select the new employees on the basis of the organizational requirement and culture. This will enable the new employees to be aware about the diversity in the organization and accordingly they will work in their workplace. The next step will be the empowerment of the employees (Fernandez and Moldogaziev 2013). This is important due to the reason that, the more empowered will be the employees, the more they will be equipped to manage and control the conflict in the organization. Job rotation will be an effective option for employee empowerment. According to the concept of job rotation, all the employees are being given different job in their workplace in rotational process (Rashki, Hasanqasemi and Mazidi 2014). Thus, this process will help the employees to have the fair idea about the job roles of their colleagues. In addition, it will enable them to enhance their connectivity with other employees in the organization. Thus, the mutual understanding between the employees will be more and issues related to diversity will be less. The next step will be the maintenance of the fair and equality in the workforce. This is due to the reason that, maintaining the fairness and equality among the employees is having much importance in maintaining the diversity of the employees. As discussed earlier, the key issue for ABC Pty ltd is the conflict among the employees. However, one of the key reasons for the generation of the conflict among the employees is the unfair treatment by the upper level management. In the case of ABC Pty ltd, they are having more than 3000 employees and moreover all the employees are belonging from different social and cultural backgrounds. Thus, providing fair or biased treatment to a particular section of the employees will have adverse impact on the other sections. Eventually it will create conflict among the employees (Mowday, Porter and Steers 2013). Thus, it is important for the upper level management to provide fairness and equality in maintaining the diverse workforce. Implementation plan of the strategy The strategies being discussed above should be implemented in the organization effectively and due to that, a proper implementation plan is required. The implementation plan should be effective in order to adhere to the legal and ethical considerations. The first will be to follow the ethics in the process of recruitment and selection (Trevino and Nelson 2016). This is due to the fact that, if the ethics principles are not being followed, then the organizational objective of having the right candidate will not be achieved. Moreover, initiation of the inequality and fairness in the diversity management also related to the ethical principles. Thus, it is the responsibility of the human resource department of ABC Pty ltd to adhere to the ethical principles in managing the diversified workforce. Legal considerations should also be adhered due to reason that, management of the diversified workforce is related to the welfare of the employees. As discussed in the case of Berkshire Hathaway, welfare of the employees is being compromised, which caused adverse impact on the effectiveness and performance of the employees. Moreover, unequal representation of the communities and gender inequality will further attract legal issues for the organization. Strategic outcome The above discussed strategy will effectively meet the organizational strategic goal due to the reason that the strategy is being designed covering all the associated stakeholders of ABC Pty ltd along with covering all the aspects. The organizational strategy of ABC Pty ltd states having the diversified employees in the workforce. Thus, recruitment of the employees from different cultural and social backgrounds will help them to attain the objective of diversity in the workforce. In addition, maintenance of equality and fairness will help the organization to attain the organizational strategy of enhancing the effectiveness and morale of the employees (Boswell, Colvin and Darnold 2012). The more ethical principles will be followed by the senior management in managing the employees, the more will be the motivation and satisfaction level of the employees. According to Patrick and Kumar (2012), effective implementation of the above discussed strategy will help them to enhance their organizational productivity. The authors have given the example of Coca cola. According to them, Coca cola is also having diversity in their global operations. However, due to the effectiveness of their diversity management policy, they are being able to gain competitive advantages in the market along with effectively attaining their organizational goal. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that, the above discussed strategy in this report will help ABC Pty ltd to have an effective diversity and inclusion policy for their internal stakeholders. Moreover, the strategy being discussed in this report has covered all the related aspects along with considering all the associated stakeholders. This report have also discussed about various probable approaches, which may be effective depending on the situation to be faced. Thus, it can be expected that proper and suitable implementation of the above discussed policies will help ABC Pty ltd to enhance their organizational effectiveness along with maintaining the diversity and inclusion in the organization. References Barak, M.E.M., 2016.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Bennett, J., Pitt, M. and Price, S., 2012. Understanding the impact of generational issues in the workplace.Facilities,30(7/8), pp.278-288. Boswell, W.R., Colvin, A.J. and Darnold, T.C., 2012. Organizational systems and employee motivation. InWork motivation: Past, present, and future. Taylor and Francis. Brewster, C. and Hegewisch, A. eds., 2017.Policy and Practice in European Human Resource Management: The Price Waterhouse Cranfield Survey. Taylor Francis. D'Arcy, J., Herath, T. and Shoss, M.K., 2014. Understanding employee responses to stressful information security requirements: a coping perspective.Journal of Management Information Systems,31(2), pp.285-318. Elnaga, A. and Imran, A., 2013. The effect of training on employee performance.European Journal of Business and Management,5(4), pp.137-147. Fernandez, S. and Moldogaziev, T., 2013. Employee empowerment, employee attitudes, and performance: Testing a causal model.Public Administration Review,73(3), pp.490-506. Guffey, M.E. and Loewy, D., 2012.Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Hogan, S.J. and Coote, L.V., 2014. Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), pp.1609-1621. Joecks, J., Pull, K. and Vetter, K., 2013. Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm performance: What exactly constitutes a critical mass?.Journal of business ethics,118(1), pp.61-72. Leo, F.M., Gonzlez-Ponce, I., Snchez-Miguel, P.A., Ivarsson, A. and Garca-Calvo, T., 2015. Role ambiguity, role conflict, team conflict, cohesion and collective efficacy in sport teams: A multilevel analysis.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,20, pp.60-66. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Patrick, H.A. and Kumar, V.R., 2012. Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges.Sage Open,2(2), p.2158244012444615. Rashki, Z., Hasanqasemi, A. and Mazidi, A., 2014. The study of job rotation and staff performance in customs organization of Golestan and Mazandaran Provinces.Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review,3(7), pp.186-195. Sahoo, C.K. and Mishra, S., 2012. Performance management benefits organizations and their employees.Human Resource Management International Digest,20(6), pp.3-5. Trevino, L.K. and Nelson, K.A., 2016.Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons.

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Biology Aqa free essay sample

16. 8 – Genetic fingerprinting43 Section 9. 1 – Sensory Reception †¢ A stimulus is a detectable change in the internal or external environment of an organism that produces a response. The ability to respond to a stimulus increases an organism’s chances of survival. †¢ Receptors transfer the energy of a stimulus into a form that can be processed by the organism and leads to a response. †¢ The response is carried out by â€Å"effectors† which can include cells, tissues, organs and systems. Taxis – A simple response that’s direction is determined by the direction of the stimulus An organism can respond directly to a change in the environment by moving its body either: 1. Toward the stimulus (positive taxis) 2. Away from the stimulus (negative taxis) Kinesis – Results in an increase of random movements †¢ Organism does not move towards/away from the stimulus †¢ The more intense the stimulus the more rapid the movements †¢ Kinesis is important when the stimulus is less directional such as heat or humidity Tropism – a growth movement of part of a plant in response to a directional stimulus Positive phototropism – shoots/leaves Positive Geotropism – roots Section 9. 2 – Nervous Control Nervous organisation The nervous system can be thought of as having two main divisions: . The central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord 2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Made up of pairs of nerves that originate either from the brain or the spinal cord The peripheral nervous system This is divided into: †¢ Sensory neurons which carry impulses away from receptors to the CNS †¢ Motor neurons which carry nervous impulses from the CNS to effectors The spinal cord is a column of nervous tissue A reflex – involuntary response to a stimulus (you do stop to consider an alternative) The pathway of neurons involved in a reflex is called a reflex arc. Reflex arcs contain just 3 neurons: 1. A sensory neuron 2. An intermediate neuron 3. A motor neuron There are several stages of a reflex arc: 1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3. Sensory neuron 4. Synapse 5. Coordinator (intermediate neuron) 6. Synapse 7. Motor neuron 8. Effecter 9. Response Importance of the reflex arc †¢ Involuntary – does not require the decision making power of the brains †¢ Brain can override the response if necessary †¢ Protects the body from harmful stimuli Effective from birth – does not need to be learnt †¢ Short pathway – fewer synapses Synapses – slow Neurons – fast Section 9. 3 – Control of heart rate The Autonomic nervous system Controls subconscious activities of muscles and glands Has two main divisions: The sympathetic nervous system – Speeds up activities and thus allows us to cope with stressful situations (fight or flight r esponse) The parasympathetic nervous system – Inhibits effects and slows down activities. This allows energy to be conserved. Controls under normal resting conditions The two divisions are antagonistic meaning that their effects oppose one another Control of heart rate Changes of the heart rate are controlled by a region of the brain called the medulla oblongata which has two main divisions One division is connected to the sinoatrial node through the sympathetic nervous system The other is connected to the sinoatrial node via the parasympathetic nervous system Control by chemoreceptors Chemoreceptors are found in the wall of the carotid arteries and detect hanges in pH as a result of CO2 concentration When CO2 concentration in the blood is too low, chemoreceptors detect the drop in pH and send impulses to the section of the medulla oblongata responsible for increasing heart rate This section then increases the number of impulses sent to the S. A node via the sympathetic nervous system This results in an increase in heart rate which then causes blood pH to return to normal. Control by pressure receptors Pressure receptors occur in the wall of the carotid arteries and the aorta When blood pressure is too high – impulses are sent to the medulla oblongata which then sends impulses to the S. A node via the parasympathetic nervous system decreasing the heart rate When blood pressure is too low – impulses are sent to the medulla oblongata which then sends impulses to the S. A node via the sympathetic nervous system, increasing the heart rate Section 9. 4 – Role of receptors Features of sensory reception A sensory receptor will: †¢ Only respond to a specific type of stimulus (e. g. light, pressure, etc) †¢ Produce a generator potential by acting as a transducer. This means that it can convert the information to a form that the human body can interpret. This is achieved by using the energy of a stimulus into a nerve impulse called a generator potential. Structure and function of a pacinian corpuscle Responds to mechanical pressure Occurs in ligaments and joints so that it is possible to tell which direction a joint is changing The neuron of a pacinian corpuscle is in the centre of layers of tissue, each separated by gel The sensory neuron of a pacinian corpuscle has stretch-mediated sodium channels in its plasma membrane †¢ During its resting state, stretch-mediated sodium channels are too narrow to allow sodium through. The corpuscle therefore has a resting potential †¢ When pressure is applied, the membrane of the neuron is stretched causing sodium channels to widen therefore allowing sodium to diffuse into the neuron †¢ The influx of sodium ions cause a change in the polarity of the neuron, creating a resting potential †¢ The generator potential creates a action potential which moves along the neuron Receptors working together in the eye Different receptors respond to a different intensity of a stimulus Light receptors of the eye are found in the retina (the inner most layer) The light receptors in the eye can are of two types, rod and cone cells. Both receptors convert light energy into a nervous impulse and are therefore acting as transducers Rod cells Cannot distinguish between different wavelengths Many rod cells are connected to the same neuron and so can function at low light intensities. A threshold must be reached in the bipolar cells to which they are attached to and so since they can all contribute to reaching this threshold, they will function at lower light intensities Rod cells breakdown the pigment rhodopsin to generate an action potential. Rhodopsin is easily broken down in low light intensity Since more that one rod cell is connected to the same neuron, only one impulse will be generated. It is impossible for the brain to determine which rod cells were stimulate to begin with and so it is not possible to determine exactly the source of light This results in rod cells having a relatively poor visual acuity and so are not very effective in distinguishing between two points close together Cone cells There are three types of cone cells, each of which respond to a different avelength The colour interpreted depends of the proportion of each type of cone cell stimulated Cone cells are connected only to one bipolar cells, this means that they cannot combine to reach a threshold. As a result of this a high light intensity is required to create a generator potential Cone cells breakdown the pigment iodopsin to create a generator potential Iodopsin can only be broken down by a high light intensity Since cone cells are connected to a single bipolar cell, when two adjacent cells are stimulated, two separate nervous impulses will be sent to the brain. This means that it is easier to determine the source of the light. As a result, cone cells are responsible for higher visual acuity since they allow you to better distinguish between two points Light is concentrated by a lens to the centre of the eye called the fovea. This region receives a high light intensity and therefore has more cone cells. The peripheries of the eye receive a low light intensity and therefore consist mainly of rod cells. Section 10. 1 – Coordination Body systems cannot work in isolation and must therefore be integrated in a coordinated fashion. Principles of coordination In mammals, there are two main forms of coordination: 1. The nervous system – Uses nerve cells that can pass electrical impulses along their length. The result is the secretion of chemicals by the target cells called neurotransmitters. The response is quick, yet short lived and only acts on a localised region of the body. 2. The hormonal system – Chemicals are transported in the blood plasma which then reach target certain cells, thus stimulating them to carry out a function. The responses due to secretion of hormones often act over a longer period of time, yet are slower to act. Chemical mediators Nervous and hormonal forms of communication are only useful at coordinating the activities of the whole organism. At the cellular level they are complimented by chemical mediators. Chemical mediators are secreted by individual cells and affect other cells in the immediate vicinity. A common example of this type of coordination is the inflammation of certain tissues when they are damaged or exposed to foreign agents. Two examples of chemical mediators are: 1. Histamine – Stored in white blood cells and is secreted due to the presence of antigens. Histamine causes dilation of blood vessels, increased permeability of capillaries and therefore swelling the infected area. 2. Prostaglandins – Found in cell membranes and cause dilation of small arteries and arterioles. They release due to injuries and increase the permeability of capillaries. They also affect blood pressure and neurotransmitters. In doing so they relieve pain. Hormonal system |Nervous system | |Communication by chemicals |Communication by nervous impulses | Transmission takes place in the blood |Transmission is by neurons | |Transmission is generally slow |Transmission is very rapid | |Hormones travel to all areas of the body, but target only |Nerve impulses travel to specific areas of the body | |certain tissues/organs | | |Response is widespread |Response is localised | |Effect may be permanent/long lasting/ irreversible |Effect is temporary and reversible | Plant growth factors Plants respond to external stimuli by means of plant growth factors (plant hormones) Plant growth factors: †¢ Exert their influence by affecting growth †¢ Are not produced by a particular organ, but are instead produced by all cells †¢ affect the tissues that actually produce them, rather than other tissues in a different area of the plant. One plant hormone called indoleacetic acid (IAA) causes plant cells to elongate Control of tropisms by IAA IAA is used to ensure that plant shoots grow towards a light source. 1. Cells in the tip of the shoot produce IAA, which is then transported down the shoot. 2. The IAA is initial transported to all sides as it begins to move down the shoot 3. Light causes the movement of IAA from the light side to the shaded side of the shoot. 4. A greater concentration of IAA builds up on the shaded side of the shoot 5. The cells on the shaded side elongate more due to the higher concentration of IAA 6. The shaded side of the root therefore grows faster, causing the shoot to bend towards the source of light IAA can also effect the bending of roots towards gravity. However in this case it slows down growth rather than speeds it up. IAA decreases root growth and increases shoot growth Section 10. 2 – Neurons Specialised cells adapted to rapidly carry electrochemical changes (nerve impulses) from part of the body to another Neuron structure Cell body †¢ Nucleus †¢ Large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum to produce neurotransmitters Dendrons †¢ Extensions of the cell body sub-divided into dendrites †¢ Carry nervous impulses to the cell body Axon †¢ A single long fibre that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body Schwann cell †¢ Surrounds the axon †¢ Protection/electrical insulation/phagocytosis. Can remove cell debris and are associated with nerve regeneration. Myelin sheath †¢ Made up from the Schwann membrane which produces myelin (a lipid) †¢ Some neurons are unmyelinated and carry slower nerve impulses Nodes of Ranvier †¢ The gaps between myelinated areas †¢ 2 – 3 micrometers long and occur every 1 – 3mm Sensory Neuron †¢ Transmit impulses from a receptor to an intermediate neuron or motor neuron †¢ One Dendron towards the cell body, one axon away from the cell body Motor neuron †¢ Transmit impulses from the sensory/intermediate neuron to an effector †¢ Long axon, many short dendrites Intermediate neuron †¢ Transmit impulses between neurons †¢ Numerous short processes Section 10. 3 – The nerve impulse A nerve impulse is not an electrical current! It is a self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of an axon membrane. Nerve impulse – temporary reversal of the electrical p. d across an axon membrane The reversal is between two states The resting potential no nerve impulse transmitted The action potential – nerve impulse transmitted Resting potential †¢ Sodium/potassium are not lipid soluble and cannot cross the plasma membrane. Transported via intrinsic proteins – ion channels †¢ Some intrinsic proteins actively transport potassium ions into the axon and sodium ions out. This is called the sodium potassium pump. Sodium potassium pump 3 sodium ions pumped out for every 2 potassium ions pump in †¢ Most gated potassium channels remain open – potassium ions move out of the axon down their chemical gradient †¢ Most gated sodium channels remain closed The action potential †¢ Temporary reversal of the charge of the membrane from (-65mV to +65mV). When the p. d is +65mV the axon is said to be depolarised †¢ Occurs because the ion channels open/close depending upon the voltage across the membrane †¢ When the generator potential is reached, sodium ion channels open and potassium close, allowing sodium to flood into the axon. Sodium being positively charged causes the axon to become more positive in charge The passage of an action potential along an unmyelinated axon †¢ Stimulus – some voltage – gated ion channels open, sodium ions move in down electrochemical gradient †¢ Causes more sodium channels to open †¢ When the action potential reaches ~ +40mV sodium channels close †¢ Voltage – gated potassium channels open and begin repolarisation of the axon Hyper – polarisation †¢ The inside of the axon becomes more negative than usual due to an â€Å"overshoot† in potassium ions moving out of the axon. †¢ Potassium channels close †¢ Sodium potassium pump re-established the -65mV resting potential Section 10. 5 – The speed of a nerve impulse Factors affecting speed 1. The myelin sheath – Prevents the action potential forming in myelinated areas of the axon. The action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to another (salutatory conduction) – this increases the speed of the impulse as less action potentials need to occur 2. The greater the diameter of the axon the greater the speed of conductance – due to less leakage of ions from the axon 3. Temperature – Higher temperature, faster nerve impulse. Energy for active transport comes from respiration. Respiration like the sodium potassium pump is controlled by enzymes. Refractory period After an action potential, sodium voltage-gated channels are closed and sodium cannot move into the axon. It is therefore impossible during this time for a further action potential to be generated. This time period, called the refractory period serves two purposes: It ensures that an action potential can only be propagated in one direction – An action potential can only move from an active region to a resting region. It produces discrete impulses – A new action potential cannot be generated directly after the first. It ensures action potentials are separated from one another. It limits the number of action potentials – action potentials are separated from one another, therefore there is a limited amount that can pass along a neuron in a given time. All or nothing principle Nervous impulses are all or nothing responses A stimulus must exceed a certain threshold value to trigger an action potential A stimulus that exceeds the threshold value by a significant amount, will produce the same strength of action potential as if it has only just overcome the threshold value A stimulus can therefore only produce one action potential An organism can perceive different types of stimulus in two ways: The number of impulses in a given time (larger stimulus, more impulses per second) Having neurons with different threshold values – depending on which neurons are sending impulses, and how frequently impulses are sent, the brain can interpret the strength of the stimulus Section 10. 6/10. 7 – Structure and function of the synapse / Transmission across a synapse A synapse occurs where a dendrite of one neuron connects to the axon of another Structure of a synapse Synapses use neurotransmitters to send impulses between neurons The gap between two neurons is called the synaptic cleft The neuron that produces neurotransmitters is called the presynaptic neuron The axon of the presynaptic neuron ends in a presynaptic knob The presynaptic knob consists of many mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum These organelles are required to produce neurotransmitters which are stored in synaptic vesicles Synaptic vesicles can fuse with the presynaptic membrane releases the neurotransmitter Functions of synapses †¢ A single impulse from neuron can be transmitted to several other neurons at a synapse. This means that one impulse can create a number of simultaneous responses †¢ A number of different impulses can be combined at a synapse. This means that several responses can be combined to give on single response Neurotransmitters are made in the presynaptic cleft only When an action potential reaches the presynaptic knob, it causes vesicles containing the neurotransmitter to fuse with the presynaptic membrane The neurotransmitter will the diffuse across the synaptic cleft The neurotransmitter then bind with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, in doing so generating a new action potential in the postsynaptic neuron Features of synapses Unidirectionality Impulses can only be sent from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane Summation †¢ Spatial summation Different presynaptic neurons together will release enough neurotransmitter to exceed the threshold value to form an action potential †¢ Temporal summation – One neuron releasing neurotransmitter many times over a short period. Eventually the neurotransmitter will accumulate so as to overcome the threshold value of the postsynaptic membrane. Therefore generating a new action potential Inhibition Some postsynaptic membranes have protein channels that can allow chloride ions to diffuse into the axon making it more negative than usual at resting potential. This type of hyperpolarisation inhibits the postsynaptic neuron from generating a new action potential. The importance of these inhibitory synapses is that it allows for nervous impulses to be controlled and stopped if necessary Transmission across a synapse When the neurotransmitter across a synapse is the chemical acetylcholine it is called a cholinergic synapse Acetylcholine is made up of acetyl (ethanoic acid) and choline Cholinergic synapses are more common in vertebrates Cholinergic synapses occur in the central nervous system and at neuromuscular junctions 1. When an action potential reaches the presynaptic knob, calcium channels open allow calcium to diffuse into the presynaptic knob 2. The influx of calcium ions causes presynaptic vesciles containing acetylcholine to fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft 3. Acetylcholine diffuses across the cleft and fuses with receptor sites on sodium channels found on the presynaptic membrane. When they do so, the sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to diffuse along their concentration gradient into the postsynaptic knob. 4. The influx of sodium ions, generates a new action potential in the postsynaptic neuron 5. Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyses acetylcholine back into the acetyl and choline which will the diffuse back across the synaptic cleft into the presynaptic neuron. In this way acetylcholine can be recycles and reused and also is prevented from continuously generating new action potentials on the postsynaptic neuron. 6. ATP is released by mitochondria, providing energy to recombine acetyl and choline. Sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are now closed due to the absence of acetylcholine attached to receptor sites. Section 11. 1 – Structure of skeletal muscle There are three types of muscle in the body: Cardiac muscle which is found only in the heart Smooth muscle which is found in the walls of blood vessels Skeletal muscle which is attached to bone and is the only type of muscle under conscious control Muscles are made up of many muscle fibres called myofibrils If the cells of muscles were joined together from the end of one cell to another, the point between cells would be a point of weakness Because of this, the muscle cells are fused together into muscle fibres Cells of the same myofibrils share the same nuclei as well as cytoplasm (sarcosplasm). Within the sacroplasm are many mitochondria as well as endoplasmic reticulum Microscopic structure of skeletal muscle Myofibrils are made up of two types of protein filament Actin – thinner, consists of two strands twisted around each other Myosin – thicker and is made up of long rod shaped fibres with bulbous heads projecting outwards Myofibrils have coloured bands The isotropic (I) bands appears lighter since it consists only of actin (no overlap) The anisotropic (A) bands are darker since this is where acting and myosin overlap The H zone is the region in the centre of the sarcomere that is lighter in colour since there is only myosin The z line lies at the centre of the I bands Types of muscle fibre Slow-twitch fibres – Contract more slowly, less powerful. Adapted for endurance/aerobic respiration so less lactic acid forms Adaptations include: Large store of myoglobin, Supply of glycogen, Rich supply of blood vessels, Numerous mitochondria Fast-twitch – Contracts more rapidly with more power but only for a short period of time. Adapted for intense exercise by: Having hicker and more numerous myosin filaments, having a high concentration of enzymes used for anaerobic respiration, a large store of phosphocreatine to provide phosphate to make ATP Neuromuscular junctions Many neuromuscular junctions are spread through the muscle for simultaneous contraction Each muscle fibre has one motor neuron associated with it. The muscle fibre and the neuron make up one motor unit When only a small force is needed only a few motor units are stimulated When a nerve impulse reaches the neuromuscular junction, the synaptic vesicles join with the presynaptic membrane and release acetylcholine which diffuses across to the postsynaptic membrane and stimulates it to allow sodium ions to enter. The acetylcholine is then broken down by Acetylcholinesterase and then diffuses back into the presynaptic neuron. Section 11. 2 contraction of skeletal muscle During muscle contract, actin and myosin slide past each other; hence its name the sliding filament mechanism Evidence for the sliding filament mechanism When a muscle contract, the following changes occur to the sarcomere: The I band becomes narrower The z lines move close to one another The h band becomes narrower The a band does not change as this band is determined by the width of the myosin Myosin is made up of two different types of protein 1. A fibrous protein arranged into the filament called the tail 2. A globular protein that forms a head at each end Actin is a globular proteins thats molecules are arranged into two chains that twist around each other in a helical manner Tropomyosin forms long thin stands that s wound around the actin molecule The process of muscle contraction has a three main stages: Stimulation, contraction and relaxation Muscle stimulation When an action potential reaches the neuromuscular junctions, Calcium ion channels open and calcium ions move into the synaptic knob The Calcium ions cause the synaptic vesicles to move to the presynaptic membrane and fuse with it releasing acetylcholine Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the sodium voltage gated channels on the postsynaptic membrane causing it to depolarise Muscle contraction The action potential movies through the fibres by travelling through T – tubules that branch through the sarcoplasm The action potential moves through the tubules until it reach the sarcoplasmic reticulum The action potential opens calcium ions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium ions diffuse out into the muscle Calcium ions cause tropomyosin to change shape and so that the binding sites on the actin filament are exposed An ADP molecule that is attached to the myosin heads allows it to form a cross bridge with actin by binding with the receptor site Once the cross bridge is formed, the myosin head changes shape and slides the actin across. In doing so it loses the ADP An ATP molecule attaches to the myosin head and thus causes it to detach Calcium ions activate the enzyme ATPase which hydrolyses ATP and releases energy that allows the myosin head to resume its original shape. The myosin head now has a new ADP molecule that will allow it to bind with a new receptor site somewhere along the actin filament Muscle relaxation When the muscle is not being stimulated, the sarcoplasmic reticulum actively transport calcium ions back into it The lack of calcium ions means that tropomyosin can establish its original position, covering the myosin head binding sites Energy supply Energy is needed for the movement of myosin heads and the active transport of calcium ions ATP often needs to be generated anaerobically Phosphocreatine provides inorganic phosphate molecules to combine with ADP to form ATP Section 12. 1 – Principle of homeostasis The maintenance of a constant internal environment By maintaining a relatively constant environment (of the tissue fluid) for their cells, organisms can limit the external changed these cells experience thereby giving the organisms a degree of independence. What is homeostasis? Maintaining the volume, chemical make up and other factors of blood and tissue fluid within restricted limits There are continuous fluctuations; however, they occur around a set point Homeostasis is the ability to return to that set point thus maintaining equilibrium The importance of homeostasis Enzymes and other proteins are sensitive to changes in pH and temperature Water potential of blood and tissue fluid should be kept constant to ensure cells do not burst or shrink due to a net movement of water (osmosis) Maintaining a constant blood glucose concentration ensures that the water potential of the blood remains the same Independence of the external environment – a wider geographical range and therefore a greater chance of finding food shelter, etc Mammals – homeostasis allows them to tolerate a wide range of conditions Control mechanisms The set point is monitored by: 1. Receptor 2. Controller brain analyses and records information from a number of different sources and decides on the best course of action 3. Effector – brings about the change to return to set point 4. Feedback loop – informing the receptor of the changes in the system brought about by the effector Section 12. 2 Thermoregulation Mechanisms of heat loss and gain Production of heat – Metabolism of food during respiration Gain of heat from the environment – Conduction, convection (surrounding air/fluid), Radiation (electromagnetic waves particularly infrared) Mechanisms for losing heat Evaporation of water Conduction – to ground/solid Convection convection (to surrounding air/fluid), Radiation Endotherms derive most heat energy from metabolic activities Ectotherms – obtain most heat from the external environment Regulation of body temperature in Ectotherms Body temp fluctuates with the environment Controlled by exposure to the sun Shelter to the sun/burrows at night/obtains heat from the ground and very little from respiration. Can sometimes change colour to alter heat that is radiated Regulation of body temperature in Endotherms Most heat gained through internal metabolic activities Temperature range 35 – 44 oC – Compromise between higher temperature where enzymes work more rapidly and the amount of energy needed (hence food) to maintain that temperature Conserving and gaining heat in response to a cold environment Long term adaptations: Small SA:V ration Therefore mammals and birds in cold environments are relatively large Smaller extremities (e. g. ears) thick fur, feathers or fat reserves to insulate the body Rapid changes: Vasoconstriction – reducing the diameter of arteries/arterioles Shivering – in voluntary rapid movements and contractions that produce he energy from respiration Raising hair – enables a thick layer of still air to build up which acts as a good insulator. Behavioural mechanisms – bathing in the sun Decreased sweating Loss of heat in response to a warm environment Long term adaptations: Large SA:V ratio so smaller animals are found in warmer climates Larger extremities Light coloured fur to reflect heat Vasodilation – Arterioles increase in diameter, more blood reaches capillaries, more heat is therefore radiated away Increased sweating – Heat energy is required to evaporate sweat (water). Energy for this comes from the body. Therefore, removes heat energy to evaporate water Lower body hair – Hair erector muscles relax. Hairs flatten, reduces the insulating layer of air, so more heat can be lost to the environment Behavioural mechanisms – seeking shade, burrows, etc Control of body temperature Mechanisms to control body temperature are coordinated by the hypothalamus in the brain The hypothalamus has a thermoregulatory centre divided into two parts: A heat gain centre which is activated by a fall in body temperature And a heat loss centre which is activated by an increase in temperature The hypothalamus measures the temperature of blood passing through it Thermoreceptors in the skin also measure the temperature Impulses sent to the hypothalamus are sent via the autonomic nervous system The core temperature in the blood is more important that the temperature stimulating skin Thermoreceptors Section 12. 3/12/4 – Hormones and the regulations of blood glucose/Diabetes and its control Hormones are produced by glands (endocrine glands) which secrete the hormones into the blood The hormones are carried in the blood plasma to the target cells to which they act. The target cells have complementary receptors on the cell surface membrane Hormones are affective in small quantities set have widespread and long-lasting affects Some hormones work via the secondary messenger model: 1. The hormone (the first messenger) binds to receptors on the cell surface membrane, forming a hormone-receptor complex 2. The hormone-receptor complex activates an enzyme inside the cell that produces a secondary messenger chemical 3. The secondary messenger acts within the cell produces and a series of changes Both glucagon and adrenaline work by the secondary messenger model Adrenaline as a secondary messenger 1. The hormone adrenaline forms a hormone-receptor complex and therefore activates an enzyme inside the cell membrane 2. The activated enzyme the converts ATP to cyclic AMP which acts as the secondary messenger.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

What makes me a great student Essays - Nicole Schmitz, Star Magic

A great student has many aspects and features, which make him/her great. They strive for things that most common students do not and trying things that some of us are too lazy to accomplish. These students put in all their effort even when up against the smallest assignment to the most difficult assignment. Everyone is born with traits. Traits are the part of you, which tells others about you, and your personality. I think one of the traits that I posses and that make me a great student is determination. I am a very determined person and I believe that is the key to being successful. No matter how hard the assignments are, I always give my best and try to complete them on time. When I set my mind on something, I do whatever it takes to get it. If I have any questions or just need help I can always stay afterschool because my teachers will always be there for me. Second, I take pride in my work. I always strive to do better and put as much effort as I can. For example, when I have a science project I don?t just rush through things without putting any effort in my work because that will get me to nowhere and I am really setting myself up for a low grade. On the other hand, with the right amount of effort and hard work I will be bound to receive the grade I want. Another characteristic that I have is confidence in myself. I believe that whatever I put my mind to I can achieve it. I'm confident that I am going to have a good school year. All of my grades will be higher than they were previously. This means working harder, but I can do it. I am also confident that I will go to college and become a very successful young man who will do everything he sets out to do. Being a ?great? student is all about effort. Therefore I am ready to put a lot of effort into all of my works and never hesitate to think outside the box. Students who try their hardest and never give up usually become winners unlike some other students who don?t.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

I Hate World Music essays

I Hate World Music essays Why does David Byrne Hate World music? Can you find other examples of this cultural bias in American Pop Culture? I hate world music. Thats probably one the most perverse reason I have been asked to write about it (Byrne 1). Those were the words of David Byrne introducing his position, feelings and attitude towards the term world music. The above quotation not only sets the tone of Byrnes argument, but it also represents his disillusions with the term world music. Personally, I do not believe Byrne hates world music; in fact he is passionate about world music. Byrne is very disappointed with the way anything that is anti-western popular culture is portrayed- in this case, world music. He believes that regardless of stereotypes everyone should have access to this kind of music. World music is constantly being suppressed and oppressed, its not prolific and this limits its ability to saturate the market and maximize its true industry power. Byrne is appalled by the constant Them and Us categorizing and separating that the American culture has been doing with world music. He sees this as a strategic and organized way of dismissing anything that is anti-western popular culture in style, taste and appeal. Byrne strongly and enthusiastically expressed that there are some really terrific music being made out there. However, due to the constant oppression, exploitation, and limitation that faces this kind of music only a small amount is consumed. While Ricky Martin, Shakira, Los Del Rio and Gloria Estefan has somehow made the transition, and have broken a few records, this is just a blimp on the music radar that is dominated by western popular music. Cultural biases are also observed in other American popular culture such as movies- Hollywood versus the world. Producers of movies that are anti-we...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Philosophy ( the great gialogue of plato) Essay

Philosophy ( the great gialogue of plato) - Essay Example themes of Socratic thoughts including Socratic irony, his mode of investigation and inquiry and maintenance of higher moral concerns that greatly direct Socrates’ life. According to Plato, Socrates passed on his wisdom to people with intellect. It is very interesting to note that Socrates never talked about one- sided lengthy lectures regarding his beliefs rather he preferred to present his beliefs in written accounts- in the form of proper dialogues. With the help of this inquiry, it can be well said that he did never believe on his own knowledge to put forward rather his mode of investigation always tried to identify what his interlocutor considers he knows and then gradually analyzing the hidden claims of Socratic knowledge. For Socrates two essential elements for healthier life are virtue and wisdom. These are closely connected elements and greatly participate to improve the society in the broader context. According to Socrates, if all people within a society will be wise then nothing will ever go wrong and as a result of self knowledge and wisdom will finally lead to more fulfilling and healthier lives. This is the basic reason why Socratic thoughts greatly focus on the activities of high morale rather than intangible intellectual quests. Plato explains that Socrates was accused of being guilty in the court of Athens as he was charged of recognizing new deities rather than those recognized by the state. He was charged of corrupting the new generation in Athens through his speech and conversation. This allegation put him at trial and he attempts for a powerful defense through speech. The defense opens with an appeal put forward by Socrates before the jury that the jury would listen him with great care and pardon him too if he would slip into his conventional conversational style as his opponents greatly talked against him in the courts. They adopted flowery language to defend their case. As a result of this, Socrates clearly mentioned before court that he

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Integration of Albania to EU; opportunities and challenges Essay - 1

Integration of Albania to EU; opportunities and challenges - Essay Example Albania integration will be instrumental to the country in that this will act as an opportunity for the country to grow and perform well economically (Thiel 2004). Previous countries that integrated to the EU demonstrate transformation of the economic and political systems of these countries. However, it has been argued that the immediate integration benefits do not matter, what matters is the European journey that is considered indispensable. One of the apparent gains of countries that join the EU is sustainable democratic system. With the help of EU, Albania stands a chance to improve its political system. One of the objectives of the EU is ensuring that its member states have transparent and democratic political institutions. The increase in the political space in countries like Albania fosters economic development (Thiel 2004). Cooperation between member states of the EU enables states to assist one another in case one state is in trouble. This includes instances of war and economic crisis. Additionally, the general overview of the way of life of the people of Albania stands a chance of improving since most institutions are required to run efficiently with little or no corruption according to the EU stipulations. Human rights have always been one of the major focal points of the EU (Bideleux, et al. 2002). Albania integration translates to improved human rights in the country. Other related points of articulations by the EU include the rule of law, equality, freedom and human dignity. This objective was effected in 2009 signing of the treaty of Lisbon. Studies have documented that countries that have little instances of human rights violation tend to record high development indicators than those that have many instances of human rights violations. Since the EU would not tolerate such cases, Albania will have to cooperate with such requirements thus giving it a

Monday, November 18, 2019

Status Consumption as a Factor in Product Demand Research Paper

Status Consumption as a Factor in Product Demand - Research Paper Example Evolutionary economists contend that the current status of economic systems has been largely driven by growth of knowledge over time (Loasby 135). Choice, which has been a factor in retail economics, is therefore not so much about preference, but a function of knowledge and rules controlling the knowledge itself. As such, preferences are just but a subset of the knowledge-controlled rules. Noteworthy, rules and knowledge in consumer consumption, unlike the conventional idea of preferences, are imperfect. Thus, the consumers are ever in a decisional trap of â€Å"knowledge of what to want†; a trap that often leads to coerced consumption (Earl and Potts 626). Generally, there are two preconditions that must hold for consumption to be considered status consumption. First, there must be a sense of belonging, often referred to as â€Å"degree of commonality† concerning relative desirability of association with certain products or brands. Secondly, consumption of such products or association with such brands must be socially visible, that is, openly displayed (Deaton 34). In other words, status consumption follows â€Å"demonstration effects." Social visibility is particularly essential because of the moral hazard effect related to socially non-visible commodities. Consumers acquire incentives to amplify their consumption with the intention of gaining positions in social settings. For those that show their consumption patterns externally (self-reporting), individual's concern with status is one factor that has been identified to motivate such actions.

Friday, November 15, 2019

BIM-Based 3D Reconstruction Technology

BIM-Based 3D Reconstruction Technology Optimization Model of BIM-based three-dimensional reconstruction technology and engineering model of visual perception Keywords: Three-dimensional reconstruction, visual perceptual model, engineering optimization, modeling, analysis. Abstract.Vision-based reconstruction is still there is a big limitation. Through its research-based approach introduces the primary visual three-dimensional reconstruction techniques, advantages and disadvantages of various methods were compared, it is desirable in this area can have a more comprehensive grasp, to further clarify the direction of future research. In order to improve the efficiency of the design and construction of bridge engineering, building information modeling (BIM) is introduced into the bridge project in the past. By analyzing the characteristics of bridge design and construction and the problems proposed bridge design and construction BIM-based optimization solutions, including preliminary design optimization, optimization of construction design, construction process optimization, optimization of the construction schedule and construction management optimization, combined with practical engineering project the applicability and effect analysis. Case application shows, BIM Bridge Project is applicable, can provide effective support for the bridge design and construction, thereby reducing rework and improve efficiency. The study may be large or complex bridge engineering BIM improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the design and construction of reference. Introduction The relevant information and data building information model is based on building projects as the basis for the model, building model were established by the real information of the digital information simulation building has, it has the visibility, coordination, simulated sex, optimality and showing of five characteristics. The BIM technology in the field of bridge engineering construction is currently in the early stages, preliminary exploration in the design, construction, and post-operation maintenance and repair of the entire life cycle of how to use BIM technology to improve design efficiency, improved design quality, strengthen the construction organization and post operations management, specific method and the application of BIM technology can bring benefits, hoping to BIM in bridge engineering to develop ideas. In recent years, domestic construction projects in the field of non-BIM is none other than the hottest technology in the construction industry has achieved good results after the application, the state began to vigorously promote the railway, highway, water conservancy and hydropower industry application of BIM technology in fields such as engineering, and bridge engineering in the construction field and a large proportion, especially high-speed railway, mountain railway, roads, bridges, often accounting for a larger significance in bridge engineering applications BIM technology on the entire major project, the paper will design, three stages of construction, operation and maintenance of the latter part of the project life cycle are the practical application of research needs and the effect of BIM technology. In recent years, should the needs of economic development, large, extra large bridge project more and more, such as China, Hangzhou Bay Bridge, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, which bridge design and construction of a higher requirement. Bridge construction project not only involves complex geographical environment, and involves a number of complex projects, the most typical is the Steel Bridge. Currently, the design of large bridge projects usually rely on the traditional two-dimensional drawings and graphs to analyze the design by closing existing in conflict; construction planning is largely dependent on the experience of project managers to develop and implement, and is also a two-dimensional drawings to show. However, since the bridge project their own characteristics, its design complexity, component many rely solely on the traditional two-dimensional drawings difficult to detect in advance or found conflicts existing in the design; these design problems usually can be found in the construction phase, thus affecting the construction schedule and cost, will also affect construction safety. At the same time, in order to resolve the problem of engineering design and construction, we had to deploy more staff, which is also a significant increase in management costs. Therefore, to ensure the feasibility of the bridge may be constructed of engineering design and construction programs for efficient implementation of the bridge project is very important. Preliminary design stage is divided into two stages of design and post-design, including pre-design project approval, feasibility studies and scheme comparison and other parts, three-dimensional solid model of the bridge by using parametric modeling tools can be easily established according to the actual need to adjust the size, and the actual effect of the bridge into the real-time dynamic display, to achieve WYSIWYG, can intuitively design concept, design effects directly model the three-dimensional visualization of the project as a carrier to deliver policy-makers, which greatly facilitate the adjustment of the design, be revised in accordance with amendments and rendering, and cost control by adding information to keep abreast of changes after the investment increases and decreases, so that the bridge-bridge quickly determine preliminary program is very convenient and efficient. Figure 1 is a railway bridge stayed Bridge main bridge model, we need to establish a special bridge st ructure according to the characteristics of the family library for complex bridge structure using three-dimensional expression of BIM model than the traditional two-dimensional drawings clearer and easier to understand. The Proposed Methodology Three-dimensional modeling techniques.The use of modeling software for three-dimensional modeling is commonly used method, but modeling the need to spend a lot of manpower and material resources are often prohibitive, reconstruction effect is often unsatisfactory. Vision-based reconstruction technique to solve this problem and provides a new way of thinking. Three-dimensional vision-based three-dimensional reconstruction technology, which uses computer vision methods of three-dimensional model reconstruction of the object, is the use of a digital camera as the image sensor, the integrated use of image processing, visual computing technologies such as non-contact dimensional measurement, obtaining object using a computer program information. The advantage is that the shape of the object is not restricted to rebuild faster, can achieve automatic or semi-automatic modeling, three-dimensional reconstruction is an important direction of development, can be widely used, including autonomous mobile robot navigation systems, remote sensing and aerospace, industrial fields of automation systems, etc., the economic benefits generated by this technology is very impressive. As an important branch of computer vision technology, vision-based three-dimensional reconstruction of Marr visual theoretical framework is based on the formation of a variety of theoretical approaches. For example, according to the number of cameras can be divided into monocular vision method, binocular vision method, three monocular vision or monocular vision method; according to different principles, vision-based method can be divided into regions, feature-based visual method , model-based and rule-based visual methods; according to the obtained data the way, can be divided into active and passive visual method visual method. Figure.1 Three dimensional reconstruction technique According to research at home and abroad in recent years, were selected based on visual presentation of three-dimensional reconstruction of research and practical application of several methods and more comparative analysis, pointed out the main challenges for the future and the future direction of development. Depending on the number of cameras to use, this article will be divided into three-dimensional reconstruction method based on the visual method of monocular vision, binocular vision trinocular vision method and three methods were introduced, focusing on the monocular vision method. Monocular vision method.Monocular vision method is the use of a camera for three-dimensional reconstruction method. Images used can be a single point of view of single or multiple images can also be a multi-view multiple images. The former is mainly characterized by a two-dimensional image depth information deduced, these features include two-dimensional shading, texture, focus, contour, etc., it is also referred to as X shape recovery method. This simple device structure class methods, the use of single or small number of several images can be reconstructed three-dimensional object model; less than that normally required conditions more idealistic, practical application is not very satisfactory, the effects of reconstruction in general. The latter by matching different images of the same feature points matching using these coordinates in space constraint obtaining information in order to achieve a three-dimensional reconstruction. This method can be implemented in the reconstruction process of camera calibration, to meet the needs of large-scale reconstruction of three-dimensional scene, and in the case of resource-rich image reconstruction is better; the downside is that a greater amount of computing, a long time to rebuild. The following describes several major monocular vision method. Shading method.Shading method, that the brightness of the shape recovery method (SFS). This approach by analyzing image brightness information, using reflected light model, restore the normal to the surface of three-dimensional reconstruction information. Horn in 1970 first proposed the concept SFS methods, and gives a non-linear relationship between the two-dimensional image showing the brightness of each pixel in the corresponding three-dimensional point of law to the reflectance of light and the direction of Partial Differential Equations , the brightness of the equation. However, this method is a SFS under-constrained problem and needs to solve other constraints. Therefore, the traditional method of SFS also based on three assumptions. The main advantage of the brightness of the method is that it can recover from a single image in a more precise three-dimensional model can be applied in addition to mirror the object almost all types of objects. However, the brightness of the reconstruction of relying solely on mathematical calculations, results are poor, but because of the lighting conditions more stringent requirements, the need to know the precise position and orientation of the light source and other information, so that the brightness of the method is difficult to apply in the case of an outdoor scene lighting and other complex three-dimensional reconstruction on. Photometric stereo.Although the shading method to support the reconstruction of three-dimensional model from a single image, but less information is available in a single image, the actual reconstruction of the general effect. So Woodham of SFS method is proposed to improve the photometric stereo. Photometric stereo by a plurality of non-collinear light source to obtain multiple images of the object, and then a different image brightness simultaneous equations, solving the surface normal direction of the object, and ultimately restore the shape of the object. Technically, the use of two light sources can be obtained method object to the information, but the use of multiple sources of data redundancy can be resolved by the shadows and specular reflections caused by such factors can not solve the problem, better robustness, reconstruction effect It can be improved, so the current method basically using a plurality of (four to six) three-dimensional reconstruction of the light source. Photometric stereo advantages and brightness of the same law, the use of multiple images at the same time avoids the problems of ill shading method, and the use of multiple light sources also increased constraints, to improve the accuracy and robustness of the method; it the disadvantage is difficult to apply a mirror surface object and three-dimensional reconstruction of outdoor scenes and objects. Texture law.Humans can surface texture by projection on the retina perceive three-dimensional shape of the object, so the visual image information gradient texture can be used as information for Shape and depth cues. Based on this theory, the analysis can be repeated by surface texture unit image size, the shape, the recovery of the normal object, the depth information to obtain three-dimensional geometric model of the object, i.e., texture profile method for recovery. Texture is the basic theory of law: For a smooth surface and having a repeating texture units covering the object of which, when projected on the two-dimensional image, texture unit on which will be deformed, this deformation is divided into projection distortion (projective distortion ) and perspective shrinkage. Projection distortion so the farther away from the image plane texture unit looks smaller foreshortening distortion and image plane makes an angle greater texture unit looks shorter. Because these two variants can be measured from the image, so it can be analyzed after deformation texture units, reverse strike the surface normal and depth of information, three-dimensional reconstruction. Profile method. This method of contour images of objects through a plurality of angles to give a three-dimensional model of the object. Profile method can be divided based on voxel cone prime three methods based on visual and shell. Figure.2 Visual perception model Conclusion Reconstruction of 3D Vision technology is still in the exploratory stage, the practical application of the various methods is still some distance away from a variety of application needs to be urgently met. Therefore, in the future for a long period of time, we also need to do more intensive research in this field. This study shows that, BIM can provide effective support for the bridge design and construction. This study was expected to provide reference for increasing large, complex bridge design and construction efficiency and effectiveness, as well as assist in the promotion and application of BIM in the field of civil engineering. I believe that with the continuous promotion of theory and technology of BIM, BIM applications in civil engineering will become increasingly widespread, so as to improve their quality, efficiency and management level. Safety-critical structural bridge engineering, maintenance and repair of the late, operations management, file management can take advant age of powerful information technology BIM, visualization capabilities to achieve.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Pleasure of Drugs Essay -- Pleasure Drug Abuse Essays

The Pleasure of Drugs The Oxford Dictionary defines pleasure. It is a feeling of satisfaction or joy. It is enjoyment. It is a source of pleasure or gratification. It is formally a persons will or desire. Finally they define it as sensual gratification. Now if we put these all together in one sentence, pleasure is something that brings an overall feeling of satisfaction and gratification while fulfilling desires. If that doesn’t sound good, what does? We have already determined that people naturally are drawn to altered states of consciousness. Its a fact that we are drawn to that which feels altered. It starts at a young age and hypothetically we realize the world of drugs and their ability to enhance normality by young adulthood. When we add in the pleasure principle to that already sought out feeling, you get something that feels so amazing, and is also potentially addictive. It is important to acknowledge the overpowering seductiveness and appeal of drugs. Because some drugs directly affect the way that the brain works and operates, the ecstasy that results can be overwhelming. This is exactly where society comes into play. If someone can only feel that sort of pleasure from the high of heroin or that calmness from a cigarette, why would they want to stop? What would their alternative be? It would be the pain of withdrawal and the numbness that they felt before they discovered the high. I can only liken my drug theory to a circle, because in reality there is no one who is really sober. There are things that make us all feel better. It can range from chocolate to caffeine to crack, but whether it be hard or soft, legal or illicit, a drug is something that makes us feel something other than â€Å"normal†. (Not that there is even a set normality.) The circle theory is that even if you are a heroin addict and get sober, the likeliness of you finding something else that makes you feel better than normal is high. It might not be heroin again, but chances are it will be something. It all comes back to the inherent human nature to find a plane of reality other than this one. We remember what feels good to us. It is something that our brain does for us. Because sex feels good, there is a natural desire to participate. We remember which foods we like best and how they make us feel when we eat them. It is a system i... ...ual. It has more to do with how our society dictates we should live. Everyone needs to be rich and own a BMW and marry a model and be happy all the time. For those who cannot live out that American Dream, there is an easy and more affordable dream: Drugs. We have to remember that they key to a healthy drug relationship is to use drugs in moderation, and not for the wrong reasons. It is important to keep in mind that drugs effect the body and the mind as well. Addiction is prevalent when the user can’t simple walk away from the drug and not miss it in some way or feel some type of withdrawal. We have to also understand that it is ok to feel the pleasure that drugs give to us. I will never condemn the use of drugs for recreational purposes, however we must each individually take responsibility for our own health and know when it is time to step away from a drug. Drug use does not always lead to addiction, but because pleasure is such a powerful drug within itself, it is easy to become dependent on something synthetic. Rather than relying on drugs for that pleasure high it is important to seek out other things besides drugs that induce the same types of pleasure. The Pleasure of Drugs Essay -- Pleasure Drug Abuse Essays The Pleasure of Drugs The Oxford Dictionary defines pleasure. It is a feeling of satisfaction or joy. It is enjoyment. It is a source of pleasure or gratification. It is formally a persons will or desire. Finally they define it as sensual gratification. Now if we put these all together in one sentence, pleasure is something that brings an overall feeling of satisfaction and gratification while fulfilling desires. If that doesn’t sound good, what does? We have already determined that people naturally are drawn to altered states of consciousness. Its a fact that we are drawn to that which feels altered. It starts at a young age and hypothetically we realize the world of drugs and their ability to enhance normality by young adulthood. When we add in the pleasure principle to that already sought out feeling, you get something that feels so amazing, and is also potentially addictive. It is important to acknowledge the overpowering seductiveness and appeal of drugs. Because some drugs directly affect the way that the brain works and operates, the ecstasy that results can be overwhelming. This is exactly where society comes into play. If someone can only feel that sort of pleasure from the high of heroin or that calmness from a cigarette, why would they want to stop? What would their alternative be? It would be the pain of withdrawal and the numbness that they felt before they discovered the high. I can only liken my drug theory to a circle, because in reality there is no one who is really sober. There are things that make us all feel better. It can range from chocolate to caffeine to crack, but whether it be hard or soft, legal or illicit, a drug is something that makes us feel something other than â€Å"normal†. (Not that there is even a set normality.) The circle theory is that even if you are a heroin addict and get sober, the likeliness of you finding something else that makes you feel better than normal is high. It might not be heroin again, but chances are it will be something. It all comes back to the inherent human nature to find a plane of reality other than this one. We remember what feels good to us. It is something that our brain does for us. Because sex feels good, there is a natural desire to participate. We remember which foods we like best and how they make us feel when we eat them. It is a system i... ...ual. It has more to do with how our society dictates we should live. Everyone needs to be rich and own a BMW and marry a model and be happy all the time. For those who cannot live out that American Dream, there is an easy and more affordable dream: Drugs. We have to remember that they key to a healthy drug relationship is to use drugs in moderation, and not for the wrong reasons. It is important to keep in mind that drugs effect the body and the mind as well. Addiction is prevalent when the user can’t simple walk away from the drug and not miss it in some way or feel some type of withdrawal. We have to also understand that it is ok to feel the pleasure that drugs give to us. I will never condemn the use of drugs for recreational purposes, however we must each individually take responsibility for our own health and know when it is time to step away from a drug. Drug use does not always lead to addiction, but because pleasure is such a powerful drug within itself, it is easy to become dependent on something synthetic. Rather than relying on drugs for that pleasure high it is important to seek out other things besides drugs that induce the same types of pleasure.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of Owning a Car Essay

Everything has two sides to it, and there is no exception to owning a car. People can name just as many merits of owning a car as demerits of doing it. Apparently, convenience is one of the most important benefits that a car owner is looking for when spending huge sums of money for keeping one. Public transportation has developed rapidly in recent years in Vancouver. Yet, with the even faster expansion of Greater Vancouver Region, Vancouverites are expected to travel farther on a daily basis and there are always some places where you need to switch between trains, buses and seabus to arrive. Compared with driving, using public transport is time-consuming and tedious, esp. when you have luggage with you. Another benefit that driving brings you is to expand your life horizon to the extent that any other kind of transport can’t reach. Before coming to Canada, I lived about 200 kilometers from the world’s second largest desert: Taklimakan Desert. What is fascinating about the ‘sea of death’ is that a unique type of tree called diversi-formed leaves pillow have been flourishing in the heart of desert for thousands of years. The trees are said to be able to stand for 3 thousand years after dying, and lie for another 3 thousand years before rotting away. With a powerful Toyota 4700, my family used to visit the magnificent desert every year and are always stricken with breath-taking beauty of ‘Land of death and life’. In spite of these benefits that owning a car can bring us, the negative influence of driving to environment is also evident. Because cars are often single-occupied, driving means a huge more amount of gas emission than using public transport. In addition, keeping a car also requires constant extra expenses on fuel, parking and maintenance, let alone the considerable payment for car purchase and accidental damages. Things could be even worse when you fail to obey traffic rules and get penalties to pay for. Taking all these pros and cons into consideration, people often find it difficult to choose one over the other. Many people choose to drive for the convenience and freedom from harassments of hurrying to and waiting for public transport. Meanwhile, there are still more who enjoy a short time of relaxation on trains or buses instead of struggling to concentrate on driving after a tiring day.

Friday, November 8, 2019

When to Use a Singular or Plural Verb in Spanish

When to Use a Singular or Plural Verb in Spanish Spanish has several situations in which it may not be obvious whether a singular or plural verb should be used. These are some of the most common such cases. Collective Nouns Collective nouns - ostensibly singular nouns that refer to a group of individual entities - can be used with either a singular or plural verb for reasons that arent always clear. If the collective noun is immediately followed by a verb, a singular verb is used: La muchedumbre piensa que mis discursos no son suficientemente interesantes. (The crowd thinks my speeches arent sufficiently interesting.) But when the collective noun is followed by de, it can be used with either a singular or plural verb. Both of these sentences are acceptable, although some language purists may prefer one construction over another: La mitad de habitantes de nuestra ciudad tiene por lo menos un pariente con un problema de beber. La mitad de habitantes de nuestra ciudad tienen por lo menos un pariente con un problema de beber. (Half of residents of our city have at least one relative with a drinking problem.)   Ninguno By itself, ninguno (none) takes a singular verb: Ninguno funciona bien. (None function well.) Ninguno era fumador, pero cinco fueron hipertensos. (None were smokers, but five were hypertensive.) When followed by de and a plural noun, ninguno can take either a singular or a plural verb: Ninguno de nosotros son libres si uno de nosotros es encadenado. Ninguno de nosotros es libre si uno de nosotros es encadenado. (None of us are free if one of us is in chains.) Although some grammarians may prefer the singular form or make a distinction in the meanings of the two sentences, in practice there doesnt appear to be any appreciable difference (just as the translation of none of us is free in the translation might have been used with little if any difference in meaning). Nada and Nadie Nada and nadie, when used as subject pronouns, take singular verbs: Nadie puede alegrarse de la muerte de un ser humano. (Nobody can rejoice in the death of a human being.) Nada es lo que parece. (Nothing is what it seems.) Ni and Ni The correlative conjunctions ni ... ni (neither ... nor) is used with a plural verb even if both of the subjects are singular. This is different from the corresponding English usage. Ni tà º ni yo fuimos el primero. (Neither you nor I was the first.) Ni el oso ni ningà ºn otro animal podà ­an dormir. (Neither the bear nor any other animal could sleep.) Ni à ©l ni ella estaban en casa ayer. (Neither he nor she was at home yesterday.) Singular Nouns Joined by O  (Or) When two singular nouns are joined by O, you usually can use a singular or plural verb. Thus both of these sentences are grammatically acceptable: Si una ciudad tiene un là ­der, à ©l o ella son conocidos como ejecutivo municipal. Si una cidudad tiene un là ­der, à ©l o ella es conocido como alcalde. (If a city has a leader, he or she is known as the mayor.) However, the singular verb is required if by or you mean only one possibility and not both: Pablo o Miguel ser el ganador. (Pablo or Miguel will be the winner.)

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Learning and Cognition

Learning and Cognition Introduction According to Kimble (1961), learning is taken as the process that brings in a relatively permanent alteration in behavior or potentiality in behavior as a result of reinforcement. For leaning to take place there must be a permanent change in the behavior. Therefore learning omits those behavior changes that are not permanent such as sleeping, eating and so on. In addition the term learning also do not consider the permanent changes that result due to maturation as learning process.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Cognition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Learning and Cognition Whenever learning occurs, it is manifested as a change in behavior. The change though does not result immediately after learning, but occurs after some time span. Since learning cannot be studied directly, learning of behavior change is an important aspect because gives an inference to the process that preside behavio r change and hence making the study of learning possible. Except for B.F. Skinner who considers reinforcement and punishment as the most important aspects of learning behavior, majority of the learning theorist consider that learning compose of a superseding variable between experience and behavior (Olson Hergenhahn, 2009). This helps to differentiate performance and learning where performance exhibit the real learning as a behavior, although learning is regarded to take place before the exhibition of the learned behavior through performance. Thus it should be taken to represent potential for future behavior. Thus in summary, learning can be taken to represent behavior in potential that signify a superseding variable between experience and behavior; that ultimately gets expressed through the tool of performance. Conditioning is one process through which learning takes place. This type of learning was initially formulated by Pavlov and later augmented by Skinner. Conditioning can fu rther be split into two groups. These are classical conditioning and Instrumental conditioning. In the former conditioning, learning occurs when animals master how to associate neutral stimulus with natural stimulus they are familiar with. For instance classical conditioning results when a dog salivates when a man with a lab coat passes. This can happen only if the man that feeds the dog wears a lab coat every time he does it. Therefore the dog learns to associate the lab coat with food. Thus every time it sees a lab coat it associates it with food. On the other hand, the latter conditioning is also known as operant conditioning and it occurs when a behavior that already exists is reinforced in order to increases its chances of reoccurrences (Olson Hergenhahn 2009). Similarly it occurs when an animal masters to act in a certain manner in order to receive an intrinsically rewarding stimulus. This can be inferred by jumping of a trained dolphin from a pool of water so that to get a f ish.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This results if the dolphin is given a fish every time it reaps. These forms of learning are very important in the day to day lives since Classical conditioning is used to differentiate between those objects that are essential for survival and those that are not, while on the other hand, operant conditioning is used for avoidance of unwanted objects. Almost every theory of learning includes cognitive association into the general stimulus-response relationship advocated by operant and classical conditioning. The said cognitive association can occur between an occurrence of two stimuli (S-O), depiction of a stimulus and response (S-R) or finally a representation of a response and an outcome (R-O). The most important factor in all these associations is that anticipation of the results acts as the mediator between learning and performance. T herefore the S-R association can result from preconditioning events (Kimble, 1961). For instance introducing of a pairing related stimuli and do away with any reinforcement which will result into the expectation that future representation of one of the stimulus will lead to the occurrence of the other one. On the other hand, reducing the frequency of representation of a set of stimuli will reduce the future expectancy of the representation of the desired stimuli or response. For example when a dog is conditioned that every time it sees a man with a lab coat it gets its food will salivate every moment it sees any man wearing a lab coat. Therefore there is a general expectancy that when the dog sees a man with a lab coat it will definitely salivate since it associates the lab coat with the stimulus it is familiar with food. If this procedure is altered and the dog does not get its food every time it sees a man with a lab coat, its expectation that it will salivate every time it sees a man with a lab coat decreases. Conclusion Behavior change can be regarded as the ultimate result of learning that is represented through the instrument of performance. Classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning are considered as the two forms of learning through which other form of learning can be linked to. It is from this learning paradigm that forms the basis of cognitive association which tries to explain the expectancy of future happenings as a mediating variable that helps to build a framework to enable comprehend cognitive processes so that to assist in. Reference List Kimble, G. (1961). Hilgard, Ernest R. and Marquis, Donald G. Hilgard and Marquis Conditioning and  learning. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Cognition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Olson, Mathew., Hergenhahn, B. (2009). An Introduction to Theories of Learning. (Eighth Edition). Ne w York: Prentice Hall.