Work Cell Simulation

Robots are a major part of automation technology. Application of this technology depends on how robots are located and used in work cells. Feature-based work cell simulation software is perfect for these applications, because it provides an interactive and accurate virtual view of a fully combined robotic work cells that can be modeled and assessed for low cost and reliable solutions.Designers can use the software to model a work cell by acquiring a group of components, such as robots, conveyors, workbenches, and end-effectors, etc. , from built-in databases. The software allows users to study work cell performance, optimize work cell configuration, and debug the process layout. Major automotive companies, such as Chrysler, Ford and GM, are utilizing the work cell simulation software including Cimstation, Workforce and Deneb for automation clarifications.The biggest upside to using the work cell simulation software is that an optimal solution for the work cell design in involved. For the first time there is a reality without having to have the tangible model of parts, robots, jigs, and fixtures. As any alterations are made to the parts, the procedure of involving the changes into simulation is minuscule compared to the process of reconstructing a physical work cell. Work cell simulation technology allows an important bridge between the design and manufacturing technologies.Work cell simulation software has either input data translators, like IGES, which stands for Initial Graphical Exchange Specification, or direct translators for the primary engineering-based CAD software packages. These translators let designers to bring in the file of a part to be worked from a CAD program for fast work cell design. Device models are the main elements that complement a robotic work cell model. Device models are assembled by an assembly of three dimensional part models with assigned coordinate systems.Device models, such as robots and like equipment, can be brought from the s tandard model libraries. Devices that aren’t found in the library, such as jigs and fixtures, can be drawn up as a group of parts on the built-in CAD system or brought in from a CAD system for the work cell layout. With accurate device models, designers can specify robot operational requirements with the option and number of robots and their location in the work cell. Work cell simulation software is also has the capability to evaluate the layout of a work cell.The main function is to maximize the critical production element, such as robot placement, robot automation, cycle time analysis, and to avoid collision. When work cell model has been finished, the calculated positions needed for a device to move in the virtual work cell can be drawn up as three-dimensional points. All point can be created individually, and then brought to a surface, edge or vertex in the work cell model. With the option of choosing these points, it is possible for designers to design a model that has defined inverse movement to any point.The point is that if the motion of a device, such as a robot, can be created graphically by positioning points on the work piece, the software can basically simplify the programming by automatically generating programs from the graphical data of these points. The robot motion paths can also be tested and interactively edited through the built-in program editor if any potential collision is detected. By merging the realistic data from both product and work cell, users can no longer base assumptions on oversimplified work cell models.Instead, users can be confident that the robot will be able to reach all of the desired locations and perform specific operations. The completion of both work cell design and evaluation, the manufacturing process to be carried out by the automated factory floor devices can be accurately repeated once the program is downloaded to the controllers. Existing programs can also be uploaded for evaluation and editing. The gr eatest advantage of incorporating work cell simulation technologies into the product and process development is that it eliminates the guesswork from a concept.To realize this advantage, a procedure needs to be developed in order to realize errors, evaluate alternatives, and make modifications quickly in a product development path. Many companies have been forced to reevaluate their approach to product and process development. Although they have increased their investment, very few succeed in fully combining the two areas. With the break troughs of work cell simulation technologies, the complexity of the involvement of product and process development can be drastically reduced.For manufacturers, work cell simulation technologies must become the norm of the basic design phase, so the hidden cost of part and process reworks can be eliminated. Industrial technology professionals, who assume responsibilities in product design, production processes, product and process improvement, or ev en management, must continue to play a greater role in how things are done. Adopting and bring in the most current technologies to achieve the effective combination of product and process development must then be one of the priorities of industrial technology professionals.

Linking words

To vary the language there are alternatives like besides (dessuten/dessutan) and in addition (i tillegg): She is a good car mechanic. Besides, she is a very nice person. but: It was pouring down, but we managed to finish our work. However is a good alternative for but: His friend, however, didn't like it at all. We can also use expressions like yet, still, nevertheless (likevel) to vary our language: It was pouring down, still/nevertheless we managed to finish our work. or: Would you like to do it now or would you rather wait?The following expressions are often used: ither – or (enten – eller / anten – eller), whether – or (enten – eller / anten – eller), neither – nor (verken – eller): He must either walk or use his bike. Whether you walk or use your bike is the same to me. so: It was a long way to go, so we had to start off quite early. Therefore and consequently are words that could be used as alternatives. There are conjunct ions which introduce subordinate clauses (leddsetninger/leddsetningar).Here are some of the most common ones: Time clauses: when, while (mens), after, before, until/till, since, as soon as, as long as: While e were having breakfast, the sun broke through. Concessive clauses (innr?mmelse/ vedg?ing): though/although/even though/even if (selv om / sJ?lv 0m), whatever (hva – enn / kva – enn), no matter who/what/when/how (uansett hvem, hva, n?r, hvordan / uansett kven, kva, n?r, korleis): We tried once more, even though we knew it wouldn't work. Whatever you do, please dont leave me here!Comparative clauses (sammenlignende/samanliknande): than (enn), as – as: He did much better than me, even though I did as well as I could. Conditional clauses (betingelse/vilk?r): if, unless (med mindre), provided (that) (forutsatt at / f?resett at), as long as: I'll go if you go! This won't work unless you get more help. Causal clauses (?rsak): because, since, as: He wouldn't listen to me, because he was so angry. Since/As he was so angry, he wouldn't listen to me. Using Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns (who, which, that) are used to combine sentences: I have two good friends.They will come to me tomorrow. – I have two good friends, who will come to me tomorrow. Jogging is a nice sport. Everybody can do this sport. – Jogging is a nice sport, which everybody can do. Combining sentences with relative pronouns is more common in written English than in spoken English. Using Ing-torms The ing-form of the verb can be used to make the language more varied and often better. Look at the two sentences She was walking through the main street and She met two good friends.They can be combined by using a conjunction: While she was walking through the main street, she met two good friends. But you can also use an ng-form and shorten the sentence: Walking through the main street, she met two good friends. NB! When you use an ing-form like this, the subject of the two parts must be the same. Another example: Standing in front of me, she could see the stage much better. An ing-form can be used to replace a defining (n?dvendig) relative clause: Did you talk to the person who passed you? – Did you talk to the person passing you?Using Infinitive Constructions Infinitive constructions can be used to make sentences â€Å"flow† better. Look at the ollowing examples where that, when, where, how, what sentences are replaced by infinitive constructions: I was glad that I could leave – I was glad to leave. She was sorry when she heard about the accident – She was sorry to hear about the accident. We found out where we could leave our luggage – We found out where to leave our luggage. He knew how he would get to the place – He knew how to get to the place. Do you understand what you have to do? Do you understand what to do? NB! The subject in the main clause and the subordinate clause must be the same. Look at the following sentence: My father told me what I should do. In sentences where the indirect object (me) is the same as the subject of the subordinate clause (l), we can use an infinitive construction to improve our language: My father told me what to do. Using Special Expressions There are lots of words and expressions which can be used to bind sentences together and which can help us continue a special line of thought.Here are some which you may find useful: to begin with/flrst of all – for det f?rste in the first place secondly, thirdly for det andre, for det tredJe finally – til slutt to sum up – for ? runde av besides – dessuten/dessutan turtnermore – videre/vidare in addition – i tillegg on the contrary – tvert i mot on the one hand – p? den ene siden / p? den eine sida on the other hand – p? den andre siden / p? den andre sida because of this – p? grunn av dette consequently – derfor for this reaso n – av denne grunn above all – framfor alt first and foremost – f?rst og fremst in spite of, despite – til tross for / trass i yet, still, nevertheless – likevel

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Human Recources about Rewards and recognition - Essay Example This paper discusses strategies that can be employed in business to improve the system of reward and recognition both for the staff and the customers. Increased action may not be the necessary outcome of reward. The quality of work is more important than the quantity of work. Some managers give equal importance to both. Therefore, reward should encourage the employee to increase both the quality and the quantity of work. The difficulty with a standardized reward and recognition program is that it is a completely impersonal process. Instead of thinking about the specific people involved, the company provides the same generic rewards to everyone. But when an element of fun and play is added to a financial reward or bonus, the experience becomes personalized and much more memorable for the award recipient. (Weinstein, 1997). The approach to reward and recognition proposed by Zigon is consistent with Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory according to which, different employees have different likes and dislikes so standardizing a set of rewards and patterns of recognition may not work for all. Managers’ efforts should be directed at aligning the rewards with the interests of individual employees (University of Minnesota, 2010). In her article, Ryan (n.d.) has evaluated the effectiveness of the non-monetary incentives in comparison to the monetary incentives. Ryan (n.d.) expresses that she could not find any strong empirical evidence to say whether the non-monetary incentives work. However, objective empirical evidence elaborating the strength of the non-monetary incentives is there. Malotte, Hollingstead, and Rhodes (1999) found that the non-monetary incentives like grocery store coupons were 86 per cent effective in returning the patients for the skin test reading whereas efficiency of the monet ary incentive of $10 was 95 per cent. While it is important to take measures to enhance the productivity of the staff, it is equally important to do the needful

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HOW DEVELOPMENT LEADS TO DEMOCRACY BY RONALD INGLEHART AND CHRISTIAN WELZEL - Essay Example The second is the apparent import-substitution strategies of â€Å"backward nations† such as Cuba, Myanmar, and North Korea which have grown the least in terms of political and economic growth. Finally, in contrast to backward nations, the democratization of South Korea and Taiwan confirm the logical flow of liberal economic policies leading to democratic political awareness to further growth and modernization. One of the more ambiguous arguments posited by the author, which may need further investigation is that correlations do not necessarily mean causality. In fact, in a system of institutions, the argument of endogeneity, that is, what really leads to what is often the case of debate. Is it that modernization causes democracy or democracy causes modernization? Even so, there are so many other variables in a system that can cause democracy or modernization. Finally, it is important to note that modernization, according to the author is a syndrome of social changes linked to industrialization, which penetrate all aspects of life, bringing occupational specialization, urbanization, rising educational levels rising life expectancy, and rapid economic growth. All these seem very promising, especially in the lieu of democratic institutions which promote equal and equitable social

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Austrian Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Austrian Economics - Research Paper Example The second prime objective of Menger was to prove that this explanation of commodity-price-formation is not only general but also abstract. The purpose of this explanation was also to correct the German Historical School, which suggests that there are no such universal economic laws that are applicable across different cultures, times and nations. They rejected the â€Å"Manchester School’s† requisition on global free trade in view of the universal relevance of the comparative edge (Mises, 1969). Menger being a supporter the rich empirical research of the historicists debated that the economic goods’ properties are based on the general theoretical investigation. He also dedicated his book to Wilhelm Roscher who was a renowned historicist. The Historical School’s younger members did not support Menger’s argument. The subsequent argument to this — characterized the methodenstreit or dispute over procedures — followed that the historicist s started to refer Menger and his supporters as the â€Å"Austrian School,† that signifies their mediocrity in comparison to the genuinely German approach (Bostaph, 1994; Caldwell, 2004; Mises, 1969). Although the Historical School applied adequate impact on the German Universities and thereby, took them to the twentieth century however it is the insights of the Austrian School that marked an impact on the remaining professions in other parts of the world. The discussions by Menger in relation to subsiding marginal utility, scarcity, and Robinson Crusoe economies were naturally knitted into the surfacing marginalist consensus. Similarly, the students of Menger, Friedrich Wieser and Eugen Bohm-Bawerk made significant contributions to the principle concept, Wieser for introducing the terminology â€Å"opportunity cost† and Bohm-Bawerk for his coining the time preference discussion (White, 2003). The Austrians had differences with the others, particularly when Marshall re established the production-cost-concept as one blade of a pair of scissors that evaluate price whereas the marginal utility being the other blade of these scissors. However, these were just minor disputes under a wider consensus. Although both F.A. Hayek and Ludwig von Mises followed the tradition of Menger however by the time they were internationally recognized they were just economists and did not require any â€Å"Austrian† label. Since that point of time, the â€Å"Austrian School† simply became a term of historical significance. Nevertheless, the affiliation with the mainstream of the profession continued. The argument related to socialist calculation disclosed the deep, fundamental gulf that distinguishes the Austrians from the neoclassical orthodoxy, which commenced, in 1920, with the publication of â€Å"Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth† by Mises (1935). According to Mises, the socialist planners, without money prices, would miss-out a common denominator for calculating the effectiveness of alternative uses of resources and hence, would be unable to get involved in rational economic calculation. The socialist-economists retorted with the market socialism theory, the concept that the socialist planners could employ the centrally controlled accounting prices and systems of equations as an alternate for market exchange. Hayek and Mises retorted by pointing out that the market socialists basically misinterpreted the issue, but to no benefit. All Professional